AI’s Hidden ROI: Measuring Second and Third-Order Effects for Board Decisions

Traditional ROI calculations capture the obvious: cost savings, faster processes, fewer errors. Yet AI’s most powerful returns often emerge much later, as cascading second and third-order effects transform capabilities, business models, and competitive position. In this article I explore how Boards can identify and measure these hidden gains using leading, lagging, and predictive indicators, while ensuring governance frameworks balance opportunity with risk.